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India's Anti-Defection Law: Challenges and Solutions

• 20 Dec 2023
• 12 min read

Tags:
• GS Paper - 2
• Indian Constitution
• Constitutional Amendments

This editorial is based on “The hollowing out of the anti-defection law” which was published in The Hindu on 19/12/2023. The article discusses the problems and consequences of the anti-defection law in India, which was enacted in 1985 to prevent legislators from switching parties or voting against their party’s direction.

For Prelims: Anti-defection law, Supreme Court, Rajendra Singh Rana vs. Swami Prasad Maurya and Others (2007), Ravi S. Naik versus Union of India (1994), Balchandra L. Jarkiholi Vs. B.S. Yeddyurappa (2010), 91 st Amendment to the Constitution in 2003,

For Mains: Anti defection Law, Challenges and Way forward

After long years of legislative meanderings, Parliament enacted the anti-defection law (10th Schedule) to curb political defection. The volume, intensity, recklessness and uncontrolled venality seen in defections in the 1960s and thereafter almost came to a stop after this. Defections not only caused the frequent fall of governments but also caused great instability in political parties with power-seeking politicians wreaking havoc on political parties.

What is Anti Defection Law?

• The Law:
  • The anti-defection law (found under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution) was enacted to curb frequent floor-crossing by legislators.
    • It was added to the Constitution through 52 nd Amendment Act in 1985.
    • If he or she voluntarily gives up his or her membership of a political party.
      • in Ravi S. Naik versus Union of India (1994), theSupreme Court clarified that an MP/MLA need not formally resign from their party to attract disqualification under the anti-defection law.
        • The SC had said: “The expression ‘voluntarily given up his membership' is not synonymous with ‘resignation'… Even in the absence of a formal resignation from membership an inference can be drawn from the conduct of a member that he has voluntarily given up his membership of the political party to which he belongs.”
        • In Balchandra L. Jarkiholi Vs. B.S. Yeddyurappa (2010), the Supreme Court made it clear that independent MLAs joining the Ministry in a coalition govt., without joining the ruling party, will not sacrifice their independent identity. Hence joining Council of Ministers doesn’t amount to disqualification.
        • A member will not be disqualified if:
          • His or her original political party merges with another party, and he or she and at least two-thirds of the members of the original party agree to the merger.
            • Under the91 st Amendment to the Constitution in 2003, the exemption from disqualification if one-third of the members form a separate group (the rule prior to the amendment) was removed.

            What are the issues with the Anti Defection Law?

            • Undermines the Idea of Democracy: It undermines the representative and parliamentary democracy by restricting the legislators’ freedom of speech and expression, and making them accountable to their party leaders rather than the people who elected them.
            • Doesn’t set any time frame: It does not provide a clear and timely mechanism for deciding the cases of defection, and leaves the power to disqualify the members to the discretion of the presiding officers of the houses, who may be biased or influenced by political pressures.
              • However, the Supreme Court in Keisham Meghachandra Singh vs The Hon’ble Speaker Manipur Legislative Assembly & Ors (2020) ruled that Speakers of assemblies and the Parliament must decide disqualification pleas within a period of three months except in extraordinary circumstances.
              • This way it encourages the practice of “horse-trading” or buying and selling of legislators.

              What steps should be taken to Strengthen the Anti Defection Law?

              • Addressing Procedural Issues:
                • Shifting Adjudication Power: The current practice of Speakers of the House deciding on defection cases raises concerns about bias and political influence. Shifting adjudication power to an independent body like theElection Commission could enhance impartiality.
                  • The 2 nd ARC recommended that the issue of disqualification of members on the grounds of defection should be decided by the President/Governor on the advice of the Election Commission.
                  • Internal Democracy: Introducing regulations to enforce internal party democracy and transparency could reduce disillusionment among legislators, potentially curbing defection motivated by discontent within parties.
                  • Party Funding Reforms: Making party funding more transparent and accountable could diminish the influence of money power in politics, which can incentivize defections.
                  • Anti-Poaching Measures: Prohibiting or penalizing attempts to induce defections through offers of positions or benefits could discourage such practices.
                  • Exempting Mergers: Exempting defections due to bona fide mergers of parties could encourage political restructuring without undermining stability.
                  • Public Interest Considerations: Introducing a mechanism to assess the public interest in cases of defection, allowing for disqualification only when it demonstrably harms public good, could strike a balance between stability and accountability.
                  • Right to Dissent: Recognizing the right of legislators to dissent on specific issues without triggering disqualification could promote healthy debate and independent thought within legislatures.

                  How are Other Countries dealing with Defections?

                  • UK: Political defections in the UK are not explicitly prohibited by law, but defectors may face repercussions from their party and constituents. Consequences may include losing party privileges, facing disciplinary action, and risking legal challenges such as recall petitions or by-elections.
                  • USA: Similarly, the USA lacks a specific law against political defections. While rare, defections may occur for ideological or strategic reasons. Backlash from the former party, constituents, and media is possible, but defectors may also gain new support. Running for re-election under the new party label presents both challenges and opportunities, depending on the political climate.

                  Conclusion

                  The Anti-Defection Law in the Indian Constitution aims for democratic stability by curbing political defections. Despite its importance, challenges such as restricting legislators' freedom and procedural issues underscore the necessity for reforms. Inspired by international experiences, proposed steps aim to balance stability and accountability. Recognizing exemptions for party mergers and public interest, the law must evolve to remain relevant in India's dynamic political landscape, ensuring a robust democracy.

                  Drishti Mains Question:

                  Identify and discuss the challenges associated with the Anti-Defection Law. Propose reforms to address the concerns related to the law.

                  UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

                  Prelims:

                  Q. Which one of the following Schedules of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding anti-defection? (2014)

                  (a) Second Schedule
                  (b) Fifth Schedule
                  (c) Eighth Schedule
                  (d) Tenth Schedule

                  Ans: (d)

                  Mains:

                  Q. The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law which was legislated but with a different intention? (2013)

                  Q. ‘Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? (2020)